Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
For more than fifteen years, environmental organisations, scientists and Indigenous communities campaigned for stronger protection of the High Seas – the vast areas of ocean beyond national jurisdiction. These waters, covering nearly half of the planet, had long remained largely unregulated and vulnerable to intensive resource exploitation. In early 2026, their efforts culminated in the entry into force of the Global Ocean Treaty, creating a new legal framework for international marine governance.
Before the Treaty, less than one percent of the High Seas was fully or highly protected. Industrial fishing fleets operated with minimal restrictions, and proposals for deep-sea mining raised concerns about irreversible ecological damage and long-term habitat degradation. [I] By establishing a formal process to designate marine protected areas, the Treaty provides governments with tools to conserve biodiversity on a scale not previously possible in international waters.
Supporters argue that protecting the High Seas is essential not only for marine life but also for climate stability. Oceans absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide and regulate global temperatures. Moreover, billions of people depend on healthy marine ecosystems for food security and economic livelihoods. In this context, ocean conservation is increasingly viewed as central to sustainable development rather than a purely environmental objective.
Nevertheless, adoption of the Treaty did not occur without resistance. [II] Some governments were initially reluctant to accept binding obligations that might limit industrial expansion. Negotiations required compromise, and implementation will depend on continued political will and institutional coordination. Under the agreement, proposals for protected areas must be based on scientific evidence and involve consultation with affected communities, ensuring legitimacy and accountability.
World leaders have committed to protecting 30 percent of the world’s oceans by 2030 – the “30x30” goal. [III] Achieving this target will demand consistent monitoring, transparent reporting and meaningful enforcement. Past environmental agreements demonstrate that ambitious pledges alone do not automatically produce measurable results.
[IV] The Global Ocean Treaty therefore represents both a diplomatic achievement and a test of global commitment. Its ultimate impact will depend on whether governments transform negotiated promises into sustained protection for marine ecosystems.
(Adapted from https://www.greenpeace.org.uk)