Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 11 to 15.
Ca Trù is an ancient genre of singing in the North of Vietnam. It dates back to the 11th century. In the 13th century, during the Ly Dynasty, it was officially recognized as a form of entertainment for the royal court. In the 15th century, Ca Trù was popularized and spread throughout northern Vietnam. But it was not until the 20th century that it became well-known to the world thanks to the voice of the famous singer Quách Thị Hồ.
Ca Trù is a sophisticated art of sung poetry. Its lyrics are poems. The special thing about it is that it can fit any types of poems, no matter long or short. This feature makes Ca Trù a unique performance art. And unlike modern music, Ca Trù has its own system of music notation and space. A typical performance of Ca Trù often consists of at least three performers. The singer is always a woman. She both sings and plays the clappers (known as phách), an instrument made of wood or bamboo that is beaten with two wooden sticks. A male musician accompanies the singer on a three-stringed lute (known as đàn đáy) and a drummer who makes the strong sounds of a praise drum. The singer needs to learn to play phách before learning the vocal method, and it takes from three to ten years to master the vocal and the phách techniques. In 2009, Ca Trù was honorably declared as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO. Today, there are about 14 clubs of Ca Trù, spreading from the north to the south of Vietnam. However, because of modern forms of entertainment, Ca Trù is not favoured by the young generations and is gradually losing its fans.